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Vaginal Yeast Infection

(Vaginal Candidiasis; Candida Vulvovaginitis; Yeast Infection; Monilial Vulvovaginitis; Vulvovaginal Candidiasis; VVC)

Definition

A vaginal yeast infection is caused by a yeast fungus called Candida. While yeast is common in the vagina, it can cause irritating symptoms when it grows excessively.
Vagina
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Causes

Yeast grows in conditions that are less acidic. Vaginal fluids are most often mildly acidic, but this can change. For example, acid levels can decrease during menstrual flow. "Good" bacteria also help keep vaginal secretions acidic and keep yeast levels in check. Conditions that decrease the good bacteria will also increase the chance of a yeast infection.

Risk Factors

Factors that can increase your chance of a yeast infection include:
  • Situations that can cause hormonal changes (eg, birth control pills, pregnancy, menopause, steroid use)
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Diabetes, especially when blood sugar is not well-controlled
  • A compromised immune system (eg, HIV)
  • Perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, deodorant tampons, or bubble bath
  • Tight jeans, synthetic underwear, or a wet swimsuit
  • Douching

Symptoms

Tell your doctor if you have any of these symptoms:
  • Vaginal itching, ranging from mild to severe
  • A clumpy, vaginal discharge that may look like cottage cheese
  • Vaginal soreness, irritation, or burning
  • Rash or redness on the skin outside the vagina
  • Painful urination
  • Painful sexual intercourse

Diagnosis

Your doctor will:
  • Ask you about your medical history and your symptoms
  • Do a pelvic exam
  • Test vaginal discharge
It is important to see a doctor the first time you have symptoms. Other vaginal infections may have symptoms similar to a yeast infection. These can include bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis.
If you have been diagnosed with a yeast infection, you may be able to recognize the signs of a new infection. In this case, it is safe to use over-the-counter medicine. Talk to your doctor if you are unsure.

Treatment

Medication

Various antifungal medicines are available as intravaginal creams, suppositories, and oral medicine. Some examples include:
  • Miconazole nitrate (Monistat)
  • Clotrimazole vaginal (Gyne-Lotrimin)
  • Butoconazole vaginal (Fem-stat)
  • Terconazole vaginal (Terazol)
  • Clotrimazole vaginal (Mycelex)
  • Fluconazole (Diflucan)
If you are diagnosed with a yeast infection, follow your doctor's instructions.

Prevention

To help reduce your chance of getting a yeast infection, take the following steps:
  • Dry the outside vaginal area thoroughly after a shower, bath, or swim.
  • Change out of a wet bathing suit or damp workout clothes as soon as possible.
  • Wear cotton underwear.
  • Avoid tight-fitting clothing.
  • Don't douche unless your doctor tells you to do so; it decreases vaginal acidity.
  • If you have diabetes, try to control your blood sugar.
  • Avoid bubble baths, perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, and scented soap.
  • Avoid frequent or prolonged use of antibiotics if possible.

RESOURCES

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.acog.org/

Women's Health.gov http://www.womenshealth.gov/

CANADIAN RESOURCES

The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada http://www.sogc.org/

Women's Health Matters http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/

References

Schub T. Candidiasis, vulvovaginal. EBSCO Nursing Reference Center website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/pointOfCare/nrc-about . Updated February 24, 2012. Accessed August 9, 2012.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/ . Updated June 19, 2012. Accessed August 9, 2012.

Yeast infections. American Academy of Family Physicians, Family Doctor.org website. Available at: http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/yeast-infections.html . Updated August 2010. Accessed August 9, 2012.

Revision Information

  • Reviewer: Andrea Chisholm
  • Review Date: 09/2012 -
  • Update Date: 00/91/2012 -

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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